Determinação da atividade antitirosinase e antioxidante de Myrsine coriacea (Sw. ) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae) / Determination of the antityrosinase and antioxidant activity of Myrsine coriacea (Sw. ) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae)

myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae) conhecida popularmente como capororoquinha ou capororoca, é amplamente distribuída nas regiões sul e sudeste do Brasil. As espécies desse gênero apresentam um potencial antioxidante e anti-inflamatório, que pode ser acessado na busca de novos ativos para o tratamento de desordens pigmentares da pele. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o potencial antitirosinase e antioxidante de extratos e frações de M. coriacea e identificar os possíveis compostos responsáveis por essas atividades. Foram realizados ensaios para avaliar o potencial antioxidante das amostras através do método do DPPH, enquanto a capacidade hipopigmentante das amostras foi avaliado pela inibição da enzima tirosinase. Como complemento, foram determinados os teores de compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides através dos métodos colorimétricos empregando o reagente Folin-Ciocalteau e AlCl3. Adicionalmente, os extratos de M. coriacea tiveram avaliados seus potenciais citotóxicos utilizando diferentes linhagens tumorais humanas. O perfil fitoquímico de M. coriacea foi analisado por cromatografia a gás acoplada com espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) com padrões. Nessas análises foram identificados 34 compostos, sendo o ácido palmítico e o palmitato de etila os compostos majoritários nas amostras de M. coriacea. O extrato bruto das folhas apresentou o maior teor de fenólicos totais, enquanto a fração de acetato de etila das folhas teve o maior teor de flavonoides. Contudo, o extrato bruto dos frutos apresentou a melhor atividade antioxidante de todas as amostras analisadas, apresentando também a melhor atividade antitirosinase. Dentre os compostos anotados, mandenol, ácido -linoleico e o linolenato de etila foram os compostos considerados como possíveis inibidores da tirosinase, com boa interação molecular com a enzima nas análises de ancoragem molecular in silico. Das amostras analisadas com relação a inibição de crescimento frente as células tumorais, a amostra da fração de clorofórmio das folhas foi a que apresentou potencial antitumoral frente as células de adenocarcinoma de cólon (HCT116)

myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Primulaceae) popularly known as capororoquinha or capororoca, is widely distributed in southern and southeastern Brazil. Myrsine species have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, which can be accessed in the search for new actives for the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the antityrosinase and antioxidant potential from extracts and fractions of M. coriacea and to identify the probable compounds responsible for these activities. Assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the samples using the DPPH method, while the hypopigmentation capacity of the samples was evaluated by the tyrosinase inhibition. As a complement, the amounts of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined through colorimetric methods using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and AlCl3. Additionally, M. coriacea extracts had their cytotoxic potential evaluated using different human tumor cell lines. M. coriacea phytochemical profile was obtained by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) with standards. In these analyses, 34 compounds were identified, with palmitic acid and ethyl palmitate as the major compounds in M. coriacea samples. The leaf crude extract presented the highest total phenolics contents, while the leaf ethyl acetate fraction had the highest flavonoid amounts. However, the fruit crude extract showed the best antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of all analyzed samples. Among the annotated compounds, mandenol, -linoleic acid and ethyl linolenate were the compounds considered as putative tyrosinase inhibitors, presenting good molecular interaction with the enzyme active site in the in silico molecular docking analysis. The leaf chloroform fraction was the only sample that showed an antitumor potential against colon adenocarcinoma cells (HCT116)

Caracterización inmunogenética de donantes cadavéricos cubanos en el año 2019 / Immunogenetic characterization of Cuban cadaveric donors in 2019

Introducción: El trasplante es la opción terapéutica más favorable para las personas con insuficiencia renal crónica. El donante puede ser cadavérico o donante vivo, emparentado o no. Los resultados del trasplante están en relación con varios factores inmunológicos y no inmunológicos. Objetivo: Caracterizar inmunogenéticamente a los donantes cadavéricos cubanos para trasplante renal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo de los donantes cadavéricos durante el año 2019. Se analizó la región de procedencia, sexo, color de la piel y rangos de edades de los donantes, así como, grupo sanguíneos ABO y Rhesus Rh; serología para VIH, Virus de hepatitis B(VHB) y Virus de hepatitis C (VHC); y hábitos tóxicos. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 95 donantes cadavéricos, 62 provenientes del occidente y 33 del centro del país. El 63,2 por ciento fueron masculinos y 36,8 por ciento femenino. El grupo de edad de mayor frecuencia fue 40 - 60 años y la edad media de 49,45 años. El 58,95 por ciento de los pacientes fueron de grupo sanguíneo O; 30,53 por ciento grupo A y los grupos B y AB tuvieron 5,26 por ciento de prevalencia; y solo 8 fueron Rh negativos. Todos tuvieron serología para VIH, VHB y VHC negativas. Las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: Los donantes cadavéricos durante el año 2019 mostraron características similares a las reportadas por otros estudios. El aumento de las edades de los donantes incide en la aparición de enfermedades asociadas y esto pudiera repercutir en el resultado del trasplante(AU)

Introduction: Transplantation is the most favorable therapeutic option for people with chronic renal failure. The donor can be a cadaveric or living donor, related or not. Transplant outcomes are related to various immunological and non-immunological factors. Objective: To characterize Cuban cadaveric donors for renal transplantation Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study of cadaveric donors was carried out during the year 2019. The region of origin, sex, skin color and age ranges of the donors were analyzed, as well as ABO and Rhesus Rh blood groups; serology for HIV, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and toxic habits. Results: A total of 95 cadaveric donors were studied, 62 from the West and 33 from the Center of the country. 63.2 percent were male and 36.8 percent female due to the most frequent age group being 40-60 years and the mean age of 49.45 years. 58.95 percent of the patients were of blood group O, 30.53 percent group A and groups B and AB had 5.26 percent prevalence; and only 8 were Rh negative. All had negative serology for HIV, HBV and HCV. The most frequent associated diseases were arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The cadaveric donors during the year 2019 showed characteristics similar to those reported by other studies. The increase in the age of the donors affects the appearance of associated diseases and this could affect the result of the transplant(AU)

Feminicídio Brasil-México: experiências das colonizações violentas dos corpos de mulheres negras e indígenas / Brazil-Mexico feminicide: experiences of violent colonization of the bodies of black and indigenous women

O feminicídio é um crime de gênero que pode ocorrer tanto no âmbito privado como no público, em diversos contextos societários, e a motivação se dá pelo desprezo à mulher, ou seja, é um crime misógino. Os autores do crime, em sua maioria, são do gênero masculino e possuem algum tipo de laço afetivo, consanguíneo ou não com a vítima. Tanto no Brasil como no México, há uma tendência de morrerem/serem assassinadas um tipo específico de raça/etnia/cor de pele por feminicídio. No Brasil, conforme o Atlas da Violência de 2020, 68% das que são assassinadas por feminicídio são mulheres negras e, no México, 59% das mulheres que sofrem de feminicídio são indígenas (INEGI, 2015). Nesse sentido, o artigo trata da falta de atenção do Estado em ambos os países para essas mulheres que padecem mais, pois as instituições públicas são omissas em protegê-las, ou seja, há a ausência de políticas públicas específicas, configurando-se como uma ação necropolítica em que o Estado autoriza quais corpos podem ser assassinados: os corpos das mulheres negras e das mulheres indígenas. Deste modo, o método utilizado é o materialismo-histórico dialético a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica para fazer as leituras da conformação sócio-histórica dos países e através da perspectiva de colonialidade, neocolonialidade, decolonialidade, associando-as a outros elementos fundantes, como a interseccionalidade, a fim de correlacionar a incidência de feminicídio de mulheres negras e a sua negligência no Brasil, e, no México, em relação às mulheres indígenas, buscando as causas de tal ausência de políticas públicas na formação histórica de cada país, bem como tratando aqui daquelas que não se encontram nos dados estatísticos em ambos os países, em que, neste trabalho, tal situação foi chamada de ponto cego

Femicide is a gender crime that can occur both in the private and public spheres, in different societal contexts, and the motivation is given by contempt for women, that is, it is a misogynistic crime. The perpetrators of the crime, for the most part, are male and have some kind of affective bond, consanguineous or not. In both Brazil and Mexico, there is a tendency for a specific type of race/ethnicity/skin color to be killed/murdered by femicide. In Brazil, according to the 2020 Atlas of Violence, 68% of those killed by femicide are black women, and in Mexico, 59% of women who suffer femicide are indigenous (INEGI, 2015). In this sense, the article deals with the lack of State attention in both countries for these women who suffer the most, as they fail to protect them, that is, there is a lack of specific public policies, configuring itself as a necropolitical action in that the State authorizes which bodies can be murdered: the bodies of black women and indigenous women. In this sense, the method used is the dialectical historical-materialism from a bibliographic review to make the readings of the socio-historical conformation of the countries and through the perspective of coloniality, neocoloniality, decoloniality, associating them with other founding elements such as intersectionality in order to correlate the incidence of femicide of black women and its negligence in Brazil, and, in Mexico, in relation to indigenous women, seeking the causes of such absence of public policies in the historical formation of each country, as well as dealing here with those that do not are found in the statistical data in both countries, where, in this work, this situation was called a "blind spot"

Obesity and COVID-19 in-hospital fatality in southern Brazil: impact by age and skin color

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To estimate the relative risk (RR) of death associated with obesity, the attributable fraction in the exposed/with obesity (AFo), and the hospitalized population attributable risk (hospitalized PAR) associated with obesity of death among all adults and among Black and non-Black adults hospitalized for severe COVID-19 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS This retrospective cohort study of prognostic factors analyzed all cases of adults hospitalized for severe COVID-19 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The occurrence of obesity was measured using secondary data from hospital teams' surveillance records. The outcome assessed was hospital deaths caused by severe COVID-19. Poisson regression was used to estimate RRs and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The study sample consisted of 100,099 patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19, most of whom were White (84.7%) and male (54.7%). The effect of obesity was strongly modified by age, being higher in younger age groups. For the 18-39-year-old age group, RR = 2.54 (95%CI: 2.33-2.77), and in individuals 70 years and above, RR = 1.09 (95%CI: 1.05-1.13). For the 18-39-year-old age range, AFo = 60.6% and AFo = 42.5% in individuals 40-59 years old. For all hospitalizations, Hospitalized PAR measuring obesity for individuals 18-39 years old was 25.3%, while in the 40-59-year-old range, the hospitalized PAR = 11.2%. The hospitalized PAR was 31.7% in the Black population aged 18-39 years and 24.8% in non-Blacks. The hospitalized PAR was also larger in Blacks aged 40-59 years. CONCLUSIONS Obesity largely impacted in-hospital case-fatality rates among young adults and Black people contaminated by COVID-19. These data highlight the extent of the risk concerning obesity, a highly prevalent chronic condition.

Demanda psicossocial e demanda física no trabalho: iniquidades segundo raça/cor / Physical and psychosocial demand at work: inequities related to race/skin color

Resumo Este estudo de corte transversal investigou a associação entre raça/cor autorrelatada e dois desfechos - demanda psicossocial e demanda física no trabalho - em 1.032 trabalhadores da Limpeza Urbana e da Indústria Calçadista, na Bahia. Mensurou-se demanda psicossocial por meio do Job Content Questionnaire e demanda física, com questões sobre posturas e manuseio de carga. Regressão de Cox forneceu razões de prevalência (RP) ajustadas por idade, sexo e escolaridade. Entre os pretos há maior proporção de coletores de lixo e menor proporção de cargos de supervisão. Trabalhadores pretos estão mais submetidos à alta demanda psicológica e à baixo controle e, consequentemente, à mais alta exigência no trabalho (RP=1,65). Ademais, são mais expostos ao trabalho com braços elevados (RP=1,93) e ao manuseio de carga (RP=1,62), comparados com brancos. Pardos estão mais expostos ao baixo controle (RP=1,36), ao trabalho com braços elevados (RP=1,48) e com manuseio de carga (RP=1,25), também comparados com brancos. Apoio social é mais baixo entre os pretos e pardos. O estudo demonstrou iniquidades nas exposições psicossocial e física no trabalho que estão em acordo com a concepção estrutural do racismo e sua evidência pode contribuir para condutas que ampliem a equidade no mundo do trabalho.

Abstract This cross-sectional study investigated the association between self-reported race/skin color and two outcomes - psychosocial demand and physical demand at work - in 1,032 workers in an urban cleaning services company and two footwear manufacturers, located in the State of Bahia, Brazil. Psychosocial demand was measured through the Job Content Questionnaire and physical demand was measured through questions about postures and cargo handling. A Cox regression analysis provided prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted by age, gender, and educational level. Among blacks, there is a higher proportion of garbage collectors and a lower proportion of supervisory positions. Black workers are more subject to high psychological demand and low job control and, consequently, to high strain (PR=1.65). Also, they are more exposed to work with arms above shoulder level (PR=1.93), and material handling (PR=1.62), compared to white workers. Brown workers are more exposed to low job control (PR=1.36), work with arms above shoulder level (PR=1.48), and material handling (PR=1.25), also compared with whites. Social support is lower among blacks and brown. The study demonstrated inequities in psychosocial and physical exposures at work that are in line with the structural conception of racism. This evidence can contribute to the adoption of practices that increase equity in the world of work.

The intersection race/skin color and gender, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: cross sectional analysis of the Brazilian National Health Survey, 2013 / A interseção entre raça/cor e gênero, tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool: uma análise transversal da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, Brasil, 2013 / La confluencia raza/color de piel y género, ser fumador y consumo excesivo de alcohol: análisis transversal de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña, 2013

Abstract: This study aims to investigate whether the intersectional identities defined by race/skin color and gender are associated with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol in a representative sample of Brazilian adults. This is a cross-sectional study with 48,234 participants in the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) - 2013. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were used to estimate the associations of intersectional categories of race/skin color and gender (white woman, brown woman, black woman, white man, brown man, black man) with smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol, based on the combination of weekly "days" and "servings". The prevalence of smoking varied from 10.6% for white women to 23.1% for black men, while the prevalence of elevated consumption of alcohol ranged from 3.3% to 14%, respectively. In comparison to white women, only white, brown, and black men presented greater chances of smoking, reaching the OR of 2.04 (95%CI: 1.66-2.51) in black men. As to excessive consumption of alcohol, all intersectional categories showed greater chances of consumption than white women, with the greatest magnitude in black men (OR = 4.78; 95%CI: 3.66-6.23). These associations maintained statistical significance after adjustments made for sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. Results demonstrated differences in smoking habit and excessive consumption of alcohol when the intersectional categories were compared to traditional analyses. These findings reinforce the significance of including intersectionality of race/skin color and gender in epidemiological studies.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo investigar se as interseções de identidades definidas por raça/cor e gênero estão associadas ao tabagismo e ao consumo excessivo de álcool em uma amostra representativa de adultos brasileiros. Este foi um estudo transversal com 48.234 participantes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. Foram usadas odds ratio (OR) brutas e ajustadas com os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%) para estimar as associações entre interseções de categorias de raça/cor e gênero (mulher branca, mulher parda, mulher preta, homem branco, homem pardo, homem preto) com tabagismo e consumo excessivo de álcool, derivados da combinação de "dias" e "doses" semanais. A prevalência de tabagismo variou de 10,6% em mulheres brancas a 23,1% em homens pretos, enquanto a prevalência de consumo elevado de álcool variou de 3,3% a 14%, respectivamente. Em comparação com mulheres brancas, apenas homens brancos, pardos e pretos apresentaram risco maior de tabagismo, chegando a um OR de 2,04 (IC95%: 1,66-2,51) em homens pretos. Quanto ao consumo excessivo de álcool, todas as categorias mostraram maior risco de consumo em comparação com as mulheres brancas, com a maior magnitude em homens pretos (OR = 4,78; IC95%: 3,66-6,23). As associações mantiveram a significância estatística depois de ajustar para fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e de saúde. Os resultados revelam diferenças no hábito de fumar e no consumo excessivo de álcool quando as categorias de interseções foram comparadas a análises tradicionais. Os achados reforçam a importância da inclusão de raça/cor e gênero em estudos epidemiológicos.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar si las identidades interseccionales, definidas por raza/color de piel y género, están asociadas con el consumo de tabaco y excesivo consumo de alcohol en una muestra representativa de adultos brasileños. Se trata de un estudio trasversal con 48.234 participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Brasileña (PNS) - 2013. Las odds ratio (OR) crudas y ajustadas y los respectivos intervalos de 95% confianza (IC95%) fueron usados para estimar las asociaciones de categorías interseccionales de raza/color de piel y género (mujer blanca, mujer mestiza, mujer negra, hombre blanco, hombre mestizo, hombre negro) con el consumo de tabaco y el excesivo consumo de alcohol, derivado de la combinación semanal de "días" y "cantidades consumidas". La prevalencia de consumo de tabaco varió de 10.6% en mujeres blancas al 23,1% en hombres negros, mientras que la prevalencia de consumo elevado de alcohol fue de un 3,3% al 14%, respectivamente. En comparación con las mujeres blancas, solo blancos, mestizos, y hombres negros presentaron oportunidades mayores de fumar, alcanzando la OR de 2,04 (95%CI: 1,66-2,51) en hombres negros. Así como que, para el excesivo consumo de alcohol, todas las categorías interseccionales mostraron oportunidades mayores de consumo que las mujeres blancas, con una magnitud más grande en hombres negros (OR = 4,78; 95%CI: 3,66-6,23). Estas asociaciones mantuvieron significancia estadística, tras los ajustes realizados para características sociodemográficas, comportamentales, y características de salud. Los resultados demostraron que el hábito de fumar y el excesivo consumo de alcohol mostraron diferencias cuando se compararon las categorías interseccionales con los análisis tradicionales. Estos resultados refuerzan la importancia de incluir la interseccionalidad de raza/color de piel y género en estudios epidemiológicos.

Biological and socioeconomic factors as moderator in relationship between leisure-time physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents from southern Brazil

BACKGROUND@#Given the important repercussions that sociodemographic factors can have on physical activity, especially in the field of leisure, and cardiometabolic risk, it seems relevant to analyze the implications of these variables on the relationship between physical activity in leisure time (LTPA) and cardiometabolic risk. In this sense, the present study aims to verify the moderating role of biologic and socioeconomic factors in the relationship between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents in southern Brazil.@*METHODS@#Cross-sectional study that included 1596 adolescents selected at random (58.2% girls), aged between 10 and 17 years. LTPA, biological and socioeconomic factors were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and the cardiometabolic risk score (total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, triglycerides, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, considering the participant's age and sex) was included as an outcome. Associations and moderations were tested by multiple linear regression models.@*RESULTS@#It was observed a positive interaction of LTPA and sex (p = 0.048) and LTPA and school system (p = 0.037), and negative interaction of LTPA and skin color (p = 0.040), indicating that these factors were moderators in the relationship between LTPA and clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) in adolescents. A reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed according to the increase in weekly minutes of LTPA among boys, non-white adolescents, and students from municipal schools.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The association between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk was moderated by sex, skin color, and school system in adolescents from southern Brazil.

Concentração de minerais no tecido queratinizado podal de equinos jovens da raça Crioula em diferentes fases de crescimento / [Mineral concentrations in the keratinized tissue on the feet of young Crioulo horses at different stages of growth]

O presente estudo avaliou o perfil mineral de Cálcio (Ca), Cobre (Cu) e Zinco (Zn) no estojo córneo pré e pós-desmame e sua associação com pigmentação, gênero e idade de potros da raça Crioula criados em pastagens nativas no Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas amostras do casco de potros da raça Crioula 41 dias pré e 28 dias pós-desmame. Os teores de Ca, Cu e Zn variaram no casco fetal (571,0±39,4; 14,5±7,6 e 130,0±30,5mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05) e no definitivo (653,0±169,2; 33,8±11,5 e 69,3±36,8mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05), no pré (620,0±184; 17,2±21,2 e 103,0±75,5mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05) e no pós-desmame (517,5±181; 0 e 79,0±41,7mg/kg, respectivamente; P<0,05). Houve associação positiva (P<0,05) com a faixa etária no pré-desmame para Ca (r=0,5) e Cu (r=0,57), e negativa para Zn (r=-0,69; P<0,05). No pós-desmame, houve associação positiva (P<0,05) para Ca (r=0,36) e Zn (r=0,64) e negativa para Cu (r=-0,39; P<0,05). Tanto a pigmentação quanto o gênero não afetaram o perfil mineral. Conclui-se que há diferenças nas concentrações de Ca, Cu e Zn na epiderme do casco de potros da raça Crioula no pré e pós-desmame, independentemente da pigmentação e do gênero, onde as concentrações de Ca e Cu aumentam com a idade, enquanto as de Zn diminuem.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the mineral profile of Ca, Cu and Zn in the hoof horny capsule at pre and post-weaning and its association with pigmentation, gender and age range of Crioulo foals raised in native pastures in RS. Samples were collected from the epidermis of the Crioulo foal's hoof at two times, 41 pre and 28 post-weaning. The contents of Ca, Cu, Zn Varied in the fetal hoof ( 571.0±139.4, 14.5±7.6 and 130.0±30.5mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05) and definitive (653.0±169.2, 33.8±11.5 and 69.3±36.8mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05), in the pre (620.0±184, 17.2±21.2 and103.0±75.5mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05) and post-weaning (517.5±181, 0.1 and 79.0±41.7mg/kg, respectively, P<0.05).There was a positive association (P<0.05) with a preweaning age for Ca (r=0.5) and Cu (r=0.57) and negative for Zn (r=-0.69, P<0.05). In the post weaning there was a positive association (P<0.05) for Ca (r=0.36) and Zn (r=0.64) and negative for Cu (r=-0.39; P<0.05). Neither pigmentation nor gender affected the mineral profile. It is concluded that there are differences in Ca, Cu, Zn concentrations in the epidermis of foals of the crioulo breed at the pre and post weaning, regardless of pigmentation and sex, where Ca and Cu concentrations increase with age, while Zn concentrations decrease.(AU)

Caracterização fenotípica de vacas F1 Holandês x Zebu de diferentes bases maternas / [Phenotypic characterization of Holsteins x Zebu F1 cows from different maternal bases]

Caracterizaram-se fêmeas F1 Holandês x Zebu de diferentes bases maternas quanto às pelagens, despigmentações e características morfométricas. Foram utilizadas 266 fêmeas F1, progênies do cruzamento de 26 touros da raça Holandesa com fêmeas de composição genética zebuínas: Gir, Nelore, Guzonel, Nelogir. Foram aplicadas análise de distribuição de frequência para características qualitativas e medidas de dispersão e tendência central para características morfométricas, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Acima de 60,0% dos animais foram de pelagem preta. As vacas que tiveram origem na raça Gir apresentaram comprimento de cabeça 2,8cm maior (P<0,05) que as fêmeas da raça Nelore. O comprimento da orelha variou (P<0,05) conforme a base materna utilizada. As vacas com genes da raça Nelore são 5,0cm mais altas (P<0,05). O perímetro torácico foi a característica morfométrica que teve correlação fenotípica de elevada magnitude com o peso, acima de 0,70, para as fêmeas das bases maternas Gir, Nelore e Nelogir. A pelagem não é indicativa da base materna utilizada. As vacas F1 de base materna Gir tiveram estrutura corporal menor que as fêmeas que portam genes da raça Nelore.(AU)

F1 Holstein x Zebu females from different maternal bases were characterized regarding coat, depigmentation and morphometric characteristics. A total of 266 F1 female progenies from the crossbreeding of 26 Holstein bulls with females of Zebu genetic composition were used: Gir, Nellore, Guzonel, Nellogir. Frequency distribution analysis was applied for qualitative characteristics and dispersion measures and central tendency for morphometric characteristics, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Over 60.0% of the animals had a black coat. The cows that originated from the Gir breed had a head length of 2.8cm (P<0.05) higher than the Nellore females. Ear length varied (P<0.05) according to the maternal base used. Cows with Nelore genes were 5.0cm taller (P<0.05). The thoracic perimeter was the morphometric characteristic that had a high magnitude phenotypic correlation with weight, above 0.70, for the females of the Gir, Nellore and Nellogir maternal bases. The coat is not indicative of the maternal base used. F1 Gir-based cows had a smaller body structure than females with Nellore genes.(AU)

El color de la piel importa en Cuba y el género también / Both Skin Color and Gender Matter in Cuba

Esta comunicación breve pretende aportar argumentos acerca de la importancia de considerar al color de la piel y al género como categorías que se intersecan en los análisis sobre determinación social en la salud. Para ello se ofrecen ejemplos de resultados investigativos previos, que ilustran el panorama contemporáneo en la Cuba de hoy. A la vez se problematiza sobre el pensamiento hegemónico en salud y se pondera aquel que caracteriza a la medicina social, con el fin de ubicar el enfoque socio-antropológico que reclaman estos temas(AU)

This brief communication is aimed at providing supporting ideas about the importance of considering skin color and gender as categories that are relevant for the analysis of social determinants of health. In view of that, we offer examples of previous research outcomes that show the contemporary situation in Cuba. At the same time, we approached the problem of hegemonic thinking in health, focusing on thinking as an aspect inherent in social medical care, in order to highlight the socio-anthropologic approach required for treating these topics(AU)

Standardization of organoid culture for evaluation of melanogenesis induced by UVB, UVA and visible light

Abstract Background: Organoid cultures are primary cultures that maintain architectural characteristics and the relationships between cells, as well as the extracellular matrix. They are alternatives for pathophysiological or therapeutic investigation rather than animal and in vitro tests. Objective: Development of a cutaneous organoid culture model, aiming at the study of radiation-induced melanogenesis. Method: A validation study, which involved biopsies of the skin of the back of the adult ear. One sample was irradiated with different doses of UVB, UVA, or visible light (VL); the other was maintained in the dark for 72 h. The viability of the tissues was evaluated from the morphological and architectural parameters of the histology, and the expression of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The radiation-induced melanin pigmentation was standardized according to the doses of each radiation and evaluated by digital image analysis (Fontana-Masson). Results: The primary skin culture was standardized at room temperature using DMEM medium. The doses of UVB, UVA, and VL (blue light) that induced differential melanogenesis were: 166 mJ/cm2, 1.524 J/cm2, and 40 J/cm2. The expression of the GAPHD constitutional gene did not differ between the sample of skin processed immediately after tissue collection and the sample cultured for 72 h in the standardized protocol. Study limitations: This was a preliminary study that evaluated only the viability and integrity of the melanogenic system, and the effect of the radiation alone. Conclusions: The standardized model maintained viable melanocytic function for 72 h at room temperature, allowing the investigation of melanogenesis induced by different forms of radiation.

Profile of depigmenting cosmetics and dermatological products on the market

The skin is the largest and most exposed organ of the human body, therefore subject to diseases and alteration of its appearance. Among these alterations, the cutaneous hyperchromia may be cited. Currently, the market offers numerous products with depigmenting action to the treatment of such disorders. The aim of this work was to analyze depigmenting products commercialized in establishments in the city of Bento Gonçalves (RS, Brazil) and websites of cosmetic companies. It was found 45 products with depigmenting action and, from these, 59 different active agents were identified. The main active compounds found were kojic acid, arbutin, ascorbic acid, hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Another observed data was that in 78% of the studied products the active substances were being used in combination. The most used vehicles were also studied as a reference to the use of sunscreen in the treatment of cutaneous hyperchromia. The present work had identified in the market a variety of products with depigmentation action and, because of this, it aims to serve as a reference to the healthcare professionals, especially at the prescribing moment, looking for the best results, with regards to treatment efficiency and safety.(AU)

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma with fever, arthritis and skin pigmentation: A case report / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is a rare T-cell lymphoma. The clinical manifestations are not specific. In addition to the common clinical manifestations of lymphomas such as fever, weight loss, night sweats and lymphadenopathy, it may also have skin rashes, arthritis, multiple serous effusions, eosinophilia and other systemic inflammatory or immune symptoms. The lymphoma cells of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma originates from follicular helper T cells, and the follicular structure of lymph nodes disappears. In the tumor microenvironment, in addition to tumor cells, there are a large number of over-activated immune cells, such as abnormally activated B cells, which produce a series of systemic inflammation or immune-related symptoms. This disease is rare and difficult to diagnose. This article reports a 36-year-old female. She got fever, joint swelling and pain, skin pigmentation, accompanied by hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, anemia and other multiple-systems manifestations. The clinical manifestations of this patient were similar to autoimmune diseases such as adult onset Still's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic sclerosis, which made the diagnosis difficult. At the beginning of the disease course, the patient got arthritis and fever. And her white blood cells were significantly increased. Adult onset Still's disease should be considered, but her multiple-systems manifestations could not be explained by adult onset Still's disease. And her arthritis of hands should be distinguished with rheumatoid arthritis. However, the patient's joint swelling could get better within 3-7 days, and there was no synovitis and bone erosion on joint imaging examination. The rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody were negative. The diagnostic evidence for rheumatoid arthritis was insufficient. The patient's skin pigmentation and punctate depigmentation were similar to those of systemic sclerosis. But the patient had no Raynaud's phenomenon, and her sclerosis-related antibody was negative. The diagnostic evidence for systemic sclerosis was also insufficient. After 3 years, she was finally diagnosed with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma by lymph node biopsy aspiration. This case suggests that the clinical manifestations of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma are diverse, and some symptoms similar to immune diseases may appear. When the patient's clinical symptoms are atypical and immune diseases cannot explain the patient's condition, and further evidence should be sought to confirm the diagnosis.

Skin color, social inequalities and health in older adults: an analysis based on the SABE survey in Colombia / Cor da pele, desigualdades sociais e saúde em idosos: uma análise a partir do inquérito SABE na Colômbia / Color de piel, inequidades sociales y salud en adultos de edad avanzada: un análisis basado en la encuesta SABE en Colombia

Abstract: Our study is based on the Colombia SABE survey (Health, Well-Being, and Aging Study), which included 23,694 individuals aged 60+ in urban and rural areas of the country. The analysis addresses adult self-perception of health status as a dependent variable and its relationships to ethnic/racial self-recognition and to interviewer-ascribed skin color as a phenotypic trait using a validated technique with a color palette. Social inequalities were determined based on the characterization of socioeconomic status, urban or rural residence, literacy, and the average years of education attained. Our study brought together socioeconomic factors, ethnic-racial self-recognition and skin color as factors of discrimination. Descriptive statistical tests and four adjusted logistic models were developed, controlling by the sex and the age of the individuals. The findings show that adults in households with better socioeconomic conditions have a better self-perception of health. Regarding ethnic-racial self-recognition, Afro-descendant, black, and mulatto adults have less good health perception than white-mestizo adults and face the worst socioeconomic conditions. In summary, skin color and ethnic and racial self-recognition categories, together with classic socioeconomic variables, are relevant to understand the health status self-perception of older adults as part of the processes of exclusion and discrimination that have consequences for health inequalities.

Resumen: Este estudio está basado en la encuesta Colombia SABE (Salud, Bienestar, y Estudio de Envejecimiento), que incluyó a 23.694 personas con 60 años o más en áreas urbanas y rurales del país. El análisis se dirige a la autopercepción del estado de salud que tienen los adultos, como variable dependiente y sus correlaciones con el autorreconocimiento étnico/racial, así como el color de piel adscrito por parte del entrevistador -como rasgo fenotípico-, usando una técnica validada mediante una gama de colores. Las inequidades sociales se determinaron basándose en la caracterización del estatus socioeconómico, residencia urbana o rural, alfabetización, y el promedio de años de educación completados. A través del análisis mencionado anteriormente, este estudio aunó factores socioeconómicos con el autorreconocimiento étnico-racial y el color de piel, como factor de discriminación. Se desarrollaron tests estadísticos descriptivos y cuatro modelos logísticos ajustados, que fueron desarrollados controlando sexo y edad de los participantes. Los resultados revelan que los adultos en los hogares con mejores condiciones socioeconómicas tuvieron una mejor autopercepción de salud. Respecto al autorreconocimiento étnico-racial, afrodescendiente, negro, y adultos mulatos, tienen una percepción menos buena de salud, en comparación con los adultos blancos-mestizos, además de enfrentar peores condiciones socioeconómicas. En resumen, color de piel, categorías étnicas, así como las raciales de autorreconocimiento, junto con las clásicas variables socioeconómicas, son relevantes para el autopercepción del estatus de salud de los adultos de edad avanzada, como parte de los procesos de exclusión y discriminación que tienen consecuencias, debido a las inequidades de salud.

Resumo: O artigo teve como base a pesquisa SABE (Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento) da Colômbia, que incluiu 23.694 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais nas áreas urbana e rural do país. A análise trata o autorrelato da saúde como variável dependente e as relações com o autorrelato étnico-racial e a cor da pele relatada pelo entrevistador enquanto traço fenotípico, através de uma técnica validada usando uma paleta de cores. As desigualdades sociais foram determinadas com base na caracterização da condição socioeconômica, residência urbana ou rural, alfabetização e anos de estudo. Através dessa análise, o estudo construiu fatores socioeconômicos com autorrelato étnico racial e cor da pele como fator de discriminação. Foram desenvolvidos testes estatísticos descritivos e quatro modelos logísticos, ajustados por sexo e idade. Os achados mostram que adultos com melhores condições socioeconômicas apresentam melhor autorrelato da saúde. Com relação ao autorrelato étnico-racial, os adultos afrodescendentes, negros e mulatos apresentam, em média, pior autorrelato da saúde quando comparados aos adultos brancos e mestiços, além de piores condições socioeconômicas. Em resumo, as categorias de cor e de autorrelato étnico e racial, junto com variáveis socioeconômicas tradicionais, são relevantes para compreender o autorrelato da saúde dos idosos como parte dos processos de exclusão e discriminação que têm consequências para as desigualdades em saúde.

Factors associated with bone mineral content in adults: a population-based study / Fatores associados ao conteúdo mineral ósseo em adultos: estudo de base populacional

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the association among bone mineral content, sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioral factors, and health status of Brazilian adults. Methods This was a cross-sectional, population-based study including 701 individuals from both sexes aged between 20 and 59 years. DEXA was used to evaluate dependent variable. The associations were evaluated using linear regression models stratified by sex. Results When mean bone mineral content values were compared, we found significant differences related to sex and all the independent variables evaluated. In the adjusted models, we identified an inverse association between bone mineral content and age in both sexes. Among men, to be overweight and/or obese, be highly educated, and have almost sufficiency of 25(OH)D were associated with higher bone mineral content values. On the other hand, among women, to be non-white skin color, overweight and/or obese were associated with better bone health. The main factors associated with low total bone mineral density were advanced age, white skin color, low level of formal education, eutrophy, and 25(OH)D deficiency. Conclusion Our results may help to identify adults who are at higher risk, and these findings should be used as guidelines for prevention and early diagnosis.

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a associação entre o conteúdo mineral ósseo e fatores sociodemográficos, antropométricos, comportamentais e condições de saúde em adultos brasileiros. Métodos Estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado com 701 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 20 e 59 anos. A variável dependente foi avaliada por DEXA. As associações foram avaliadas por modelos de regressão linear estratificados baseados no sexo dos indivíduos. Resultados Quando comparados os valores médios do conteúdo mineral ósseo, observamos diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos sexos e para todas as variáveis independentes avaliadas. Nos modelos ajustados, identificamos associação inversa entre o conteúdo mineral ósseo e a idade em ambos os sexos. Entre os homens, sobrepeso e obesidade, alta escolaridade e suficiência de 25(OH)D foram associados a maiores valores de conteúdo mineral ósseo. Entre as mulheres, por sua vez, cor da pele não branca, sobrepeso e obesidade foram associados a melhor saúde óssea. Os principais fatores associados à baixa massa óssea total foram idade avançada, cor da pele branca, baixa escolaridade, eutrofia e deficiência de 25(OH)D. Conclusão Esses resultados podem auxiliar na identificação de adultos com maior risco e que devem ser alvo de medidas de prevenção e diagnóstico precoce.

The anti-clockwise spiralization of the linea nigra sign / O sinal do espiralamento anti-horário da linea nigra

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the morphology of the supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra in puerperal women. Methods: The study was conducted from September 2017 to April 2018, and included 157 puerperal women admitted for childbirth care at the Obstetrics Department of a public maternity hospital of the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The abdomen of subjects was photographed on the first or second day postpartum, with the patient lying symmetrically in dorsal decubitus at a standardized distance. Contrast was slightly adjusted and the morphological pattern of supra and infraumbilical linea nigra in the proximity of the umbilical scar was characterized. The images were independently analyzed by two researchers and only the matching results from both observers were used. Results: Of the 157 observed cases, 139 (88.5%) images provided concordant results between the two researchers. Excluding 41 cases of absence or poor definition of the linea nigra, 98 images were analyzed. Supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra were analyzed separately and classified according to three directions (left, center and right of the umbilical scar). The combination of the supra- and infraumbilical images resulted in the formation of nine distinct patterns, being the most prevalent, in primiparous (72.2%) and multiparous women (50.0%), and the authors named as "anticlockwise spiralization of the linea nigra". Conclusion: The analysis of supra- and infraumbilical linea nigra in puerperal women showed a predominance of what the authors named "anti-clockwise spiralization of the linea nigra sign".

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a morfologia da linea nigra supra e infraumbilical em puérperas. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado no período de setembro de 2017 a abril de 2018 e incluiu 157 puérperas admitidas para o parto no Serviço de Obstetrícia de uma maternidade pública da cidade de São Paulo (SP). O abdome das pacientes foi fotografado no primeiro ou segundo dia pós-parto, com a paciente deitada simetricamente em decúbito dorsal a uma distância padronizada. O contraste foi ligeiramente ajustado, e o padrão morfológico da linea nigra supra e infraumbilical na proximidade da cicatriz umbilical foi caracterizado. As imagens foram analisadas independentemente por dois pesquisadores, e apenas os resultados concordantes dos dois observadores foram utilizados. Resultados: Dos 157 casos observados, 139 (88,5%) imagens apresentaram resultados concordantes entre os dois pesquisadores. Excluindo 41 casos de ausência ou má definição da linea nigra, 98 imagens foram analisadas. As linea nigra supra e infraumbilicais foram analisadas separadamente e classificadas de acordo com três direções (esquerda, centro e direita da cicatriz umbilical). A combinação das imagens supra e infraumbilicais resultou na formação de nove padrões distintos, sendo os mais prevalentes nas primíparas (72,2%) e multíparas (50,0%), o que os autores denominaram "espiralamento anti-horário da linea nigra". Conclusão: A análise das linea nigra supra e infraumbilical em puérperas mostrou predominância do que os autores denominaram "sinal do espiralamento anti-horário da linea nigra".

Exogenous Ochronosis (EO): Skin lightening cream causing rare caviar-like lesion with banana-like pigments; review of literature and histological comparison with endogenous counterpart

Ochronosis is a cutaneous disorder caused by the accumulation of phenols, either endogenously as homogentisic acid in patients with alkaptonuria (autosomal recessive disorder with deficiency of the enzyme homogentisic acid oxidase), or exogenously in patients using phenol products such as topical creams containing hydroquinone or the intramuscular application of antimalarial drugs. Exogenous ochronosis (EO) typically affects the face and was reported in patients with dark skin such as Black South Africans or Hispanics who use skin-lightening products containing hydroquinone for extended periods. Recently more cases have been reported worldwide even in patients with lighter skin tones, to include Eastern Indians, Asians, and Europeans. However, just 39 cases of EO have been reported in the US literature from 1983 to 2020. Here we present two cases; a 69 and a 45-year-old female who were seen for melasma, given hydroquinone 4% cream daily and tretinoin 0.05%. Both patients noticed brown spots on their cheeks, which progressively enlarged and darkened in color. The diagnosis of ochronosis was confirmed by characteristic histopathological features on the punch biopsy. Unfortunately, neither patient responded to multiple treatments (to include, tazarotene 0.1% gel and pimecrolimus ointment, topical corticosteroids, and avoidance of hydroquinone containing products). We also present a case of classic (endogenous) ochronosis in a patient with alkaptonuria to picture the histological similarities of these two entities. EO is an important clinical consideration because early diagnosis and treatment may offer the best outcome for this notoriously refractory clinical diagnosis.

Self-esteem assessment of young female university students according to race/skin color criteria / Avaliação da autoestima de jovens universitárias segundo critério raça/cor / Evaluación de la autoestima de jóvenes universitarias según criterio de raza/etnia

Objective: to evaluate and compare the self-esteem of young female university students aged between 18 and 24 years old according to race/skin color criteria. Method: a cross-sectional and quantitative study, developed with 240 undergraduate female students from a public Brazilian university. Data collection took place online through a structured questionnaire that included the participants' sociodemographic and lifestyle habits, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, association test, and comparison of means were used. Results: most of the young women had a mean level of self-esteem. No statistically significant association was found among the "self-esteem level" and "self-reported skin color or race" variables. Conclusion: although no significant association was identified between self-reported skin color or race and level of self-esteem, young black women have lower mean self-esteem scores than young non-black women. Strategies that strengthen the self-esteem of young female university students are necessary to prevent harms to their physical and mental health, and, consequently, to their academic performance.

Objetivo: avaliar e comparar a autoestima de jovens universitárias com idade entre 18 e 24 anos segundo critério raça/cor. Método: estudo transversal, quantitativo, desenvolvido com 240 graduandas de uma universidade pública brasileira. A coleta de dados ocorreu de modo online através de um questionário estruturado que contemplava as características sociodemográficas e de hábitos de vida das participantes, e a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, teste de associação e comparação de médias. Resultados: a maioria das jovens apresentou nível médio de autoestima. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa entre as variáveis "nível de autoestima" e "cor ou raça autorreferida". Conclusão: embora não tenha sido identificada associação significativa entre cor ou raça autorreferida e nível de autoestima, jovens negras apresentam escores médios de autoestima inferiores ao de jovens não negras. Estratégias que fortaleçam a autoestima das jovens universitárias são necessárias para prevenir prejuízos à sua saúde física, mental, e, consequentemente, ao seu desempenho acadêmico.

Objetivo: evaluar y comparar la autoestima de jóvenes universitarias de entre 18 y 24 años en función de los criterios de raza/etnia. Método: estudio transversal, cuantitativo, desarrollado con 240 estudiantes universitarias de una universidad pública brasileña. La recopilación de datos se realizó online a través de un cuestionario estructurado que incluía los hábitos sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida de las participantes, y la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Para el análisis de datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva, prueba de asociación y comparación de medias. Resultados: la mayoría de las mujeres jóvenes presentaban un nivel de autoestima promedio. No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables "nivel de autoestima" y "etnia o raza autodeclarada". Conclusión: aunque no se identificó una asociación significativa entre la etnia o raza autodeclarada y el nivel de autoestima, las jóvenes negras presentan puntajes promedio de autoestima más bajos que las jóvenes no negras. Es necesario implementar estrategias que fortalezcan la autoestima de las jóvenes universitarias para evitar daños a su salud física, mental y, en consecuencia, a su rendimiento académico

A indústria do branqueamento em Lisboa: uma etnografia das práticas e produtos para o branqueamento da pele e seus riscos para a saúde dermatológica / The industry of whitening in Lisbon: an ethnography of practices and products for skin bleaching and its risks to dermatological health

Resumo Por meio de um exercício de walking ethnography, pretendemos apresentar uma etnografia da oferta cosmética destinada à despigmentação da pele no coração de Lisboa, focando num fragmento da cidade que junta diferentes propostas e produtos estéticos: spas chineses, salões de beleza e cabeleireiros africanos, lojas do comércio dito "étnico" ligado a imigrantes e portugueses descendentes de populações asiáticas ou africanas. Definimos esse passeio como "caminho do branqueamento" - parafraseando ironicamente o título de um dos mais famosos livros de Michael Jackson, Paths towards a clearing (1989). Considerando o corpo como um projeto em construção, pretendemos mostrar que os imaginários e os desejos ligados ao consumo desses tratamentos, assim como os padrões de beleza veiculados pelo marketing dos produtos de clareamento da pele, refletem e reproduzem variáveis sociais de género, classe e raça. Queremos também evidenciar como a maior parte dos produtos branqueadores, vendidos no centro da cidade, são proibidos pela legislação europeia de regulamentação de cosméticos, devido às altas concentrações de substâncias tóxicas. Essas substâncias, que circulam livremente nas redes do comercio informal, podem ser muito prejudiciais para a saúde dos consumidores, comportando severos riscos dermatológicos.

Abstract Through a walking ethnography exercise, we intend to present an ethnography of the cosmetic offer aimed at depigmenting the skin in the heart of Lisbon, focusing on a fragment of the city that brings together different proposals and aesthetic products: Chinese spas, beauty salons and African hairdressers, shops of the so-called "ethnic" trade linked to immigrants and Portuguese descendants of Asian or African populations. We defined this tour as a "whitening path" - ironically paraphrasing the title of one of Michael Jackson's most famous books, Paths towards a clearing (1989). Considering the body as a project under construction, we intend to show that the imaginary and desires related to the consumption of these treatments, as well as the beauty standards conveyed by the marketing of skin whitening products, reflect and reproduce social variables of gender, class and race. We also want to highlight how most whitening products, sold in the city center, are prohibited by European cosmetics regulation legislation due to the high concentrations of toxic substances. These substances - which circulate freely in the networks of informal commerce - can be very harmful to the consumers' health, carrying severe dermatological risks.